Coral Reefs: Wealth and Vulnerability

Coral reefs represent one of the most diverse and rich ecosystems on our planet. Formed from the skeletons of deceased corals, which transform into limestone, they serve as home to a multitude of marine inhabitants. Scientists compare them to tropical forests in terms of the diversity of life that inhabits their waters. After all, coral reefs are home to over 2,000 species of fish, 5,000 species of mollusks, 200 species of corals, and countless species of crabs, sea urchins, sea stars, and marine snails.

Reefs provide habitat, food, and shelter for many marine species. Additionally, corals play a vital role in the marine food chain.

Corals are living organisms that form calcareous structures and inhabit tropical and subtropical waters. They are not only important for the economies of many countries, attracting tourists interested in diving and other water activities, but are also vital for the survival of some marine species.

Corals also play a crucial role in protecting the coastline, mitigating erosion and wave impact. They help safeguard beaches and coastal settlements from storms and cyclones, as well as minimize damage from floods and powerful waves.

However, climate change is one of the most serious threats to corals. Rising sea temperatures can lead to coral bleaching, making them more susceptible to diseases and death. Additionally, ocean acidification adversely affects corals, hindering their ability to form calcium carbonate skeletons.

According to researcher Nick Graham from Lancaster University, coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the ocean's surface but constitute a third of marine biodiversity. Therefore, anyone who values biodiversity should be concerned about the future of coral reefs. These reefs provide food security for hundreds of millions of people in the tropics. Even a slight increase in air temperature can cause bleaching.

The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia has experienced challenging years. During periods of worsening drought, bleaching has led to widespread disease.

Similar catastrophic events have occurred many times in history. However, according to a new study by British scientists, reefs may not be able to recover because climate change accelerates and intensifies such processes.

Marine pollution is another threat to corals. Discharges of sewage, chemicals, plastic, and other waste can deteriorate water quality and the condition of corals. Pollution can also lead to increased algae growth, reducing water clarity. Decreased penetration of sunlight leads to the death of zooplankton, which corals feed on.

Overfishing also poses a threat to corals, especially when the methods used are destructive. Fishing with explosives or cyanide can damage corals and kill fish living nearby. Additionally, overfishing can affect coral food chains and disrupt the ecosystem.

Unsustainable tourism can also have a negative impact on corals. The construction of hotels, yacht marinas, and other infrastructure can lead to pollution and coastal erosion. Moreover, diving and snorkeling can damage corals, especially when tourists touch or step on them.

The threats facing corals are diverse and serious. It is important to take measures to protect these unique ecosystems and ensure their survival.

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